Coming Back to Platos Cave - 1125 Words

In Plato’s Republic, Book VII, Socrates presents an allegory to Glaucon that is meant to examine the effect of education and knowledge on human beings (514a). This allegory motivates the arguments given in the larger context of the Republic, namely the construction of the perfectly good and just city. Specifically, the allegory shows how the philosopher, as the only person who exits the cave in the allegory, is required to re enter the cave after having exited and come into direct contact with true reality. Some have critiqued the demand on the philosopher to be contradictory to other claims made by Plato, namely the claim that true justice is personal virtue and that it is always doing what is best for yourself. Critics claim that with the in the allegory of the cave, it seems to be to the disadvantage of the philosopher to come back to the cave. The problem doesn’t become any clearer when applied to the philosopher-king either since Socrates clearly states that the ph ilosophical life is better than the political life. Richard Kraut attempts to clarify this seemingly contradictory stance in Plato’s work in his paper Return To The Cave: Republic 519-521. In this paper I will examine Kraut’s argument and offer my own thought on the plausibility of his solution. Kraut explains that two questions must be addressed in order to makes sense of this apparent contradiction that arises from the political serviced demanded of the philosopher. Firstly, we must address the question, isShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Depression In Platos Allegory Of The Cave1169 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious people struggle with in life is depression. In many ways, Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is very similar to depression because the cave is relatively like someones home, the slaves relate to the people suffering from depression, and the light coming from the sun and fire resembles happiness in life. Often times, numerous people who deal with depression cannot bear social interactions because their depression holds them back. Even situations as simple as enjoying the day with their familyRead MoreSimilarities in Platos Allegory of the Cave and A Tale of Two Cities674 Words   |  3 PagesAllegory of the Cave by Plato also goes along with this theme. It is a symbolic depiction of prisoners held in a cave without a true perception of reality. They are brought up looking at only the shadows of what really exists until finally one is released and travels out of the cave into the radiant world above. The theme of light vs. dark is portrayed as metaphors, as the characters Sydney Carton, and the prisoner in Plato’s Allegory, as well as the idea of resurrection. Plato’s Allegory uses theRead MoreAllegories of Life1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe Allegory’s of Life In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato uses a vast spectrum of imagery to explain ones descent from the cave to the light. While Plato uses this Allegory to explain his point through Socrates to Glaucon. This allegory has many different meanings. The Allegory can be used in many different ways, from religion to politics to ones own intellectual enlightenment, or it can be interpreted as the blinded person in a colt like reality. Are we all prisoners in a world that is forcedRead MoreEssay on Examining Reality1144 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworks, which implies men cannot help living in another incubator till death although they cannot recognize they live in the incubator. Plato’s allegory of the cave is analogous to the story line found in ‘The Matrix.’ People live in a cave, looking at their shadows reflected on the cave wall. They never realize they are in a cave. Plato’s allegory of the cave assumes key words leading the story such as chained prisoners, a p uppet handler, and a prisoner trying to find a light. These terms are comparableRead MoreEssay on Whistle Blower and the Allegory of the Cave1282 Words   |  6 PagesAllegory of the Cave† by Plato represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind Plato’s allegory is the basic opinion that all we perceive are imperfect â€Å"reflections† of the ultimate forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality. The complex meanings that can be perceived from the â€Å"cave† can be seen in the beginning with the presence of the prisoners who are chained in the darkness of the cave. The prisonersRead MoreThe Allegory of the Cave700 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† in the early 300 B.C. This parable has left many scholars dumbfounded throughout centuries because of the insight Plato fills the pages within the story. It is a story of prisoners trapped in a cave, but specifically about a mans journey from ignorance to knowledge. This is the worldly take on the story—in a biblical point of view it is still a journey from ignorance to knowledge, but in a very different context. The journey from the darkness of the cave into the light ofRead MoreCharlie: A Prisoner of the Cave989 Words   |  4 Pages Plato, one of the most well-known philosophers in the ancient Greece, wrote an ultimate allegory known as â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†. It is about a man coming out of a cave after being chained as a prisoner for his entire life and what he goes through upon reaching surface. The ideas presented in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† are very similar to the ideas presented in Daniel Keyes’s novel, Flowers for Algernon. He used an excerpt from the metaphor to start his novel. In Keyes’s novel, a 32 year oldRead MoreAllegory of a Modern Day Cave1013 Words   |  5 PagesAllegory of the Modern Day Cave â€Å"Plato’s Allegory of the Cave† was the philosophical story of people who lived in this cave, and never left. They were bound to one spot, and could never move. The only light was this fire in the middle of the cave, that was on the other side of a wall that separated the fire from the cave dwellers. There were also other people who carried objects above their heads on the fire side of the wall. This made shadows on the actual cave walls, which were the only thingsRead MoreEssay on Platos Allegory of the Cave1315 Words   |  6 Pagescriticized? In Plato’s Allegory of a Cave he describes an example of people conforming to the norm they were born into and then shows the results of a person emerging from this community into a completely new and different world. People today are trapped into conforming to the American way to avoid being chastised but if we all stand up and make our own decisions based on what we want and our own path, eventually individuality w ill become the social norm. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, the personsRead MoreFighting for Freedom of Education and Human Rights in Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave and Malcolm X’s â€Å"Learning to Read† simil...655 Words   |  3 Pagesthinking about effect of education – or the lack of it – on our nature, there is another comparison we can make.†(The Allegory of the Cave by Plato p.1) Plato was a philosopher in Classical Greece; he was fighting for freedom and education. Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim who was fighting for human rights. We have two stories one is â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† and â€Å"Learning to read†, why do we have to compare this two stories? Can we conclude some very important things after reviewing? Education

Mckinsey Case Study Essay - 909 Words

| McKinsey amp; Company: Managing Knowledge and Learning | Case Study #7 | | | 3/3/2013 | | Micro Questions: 1. Which countries are involved in this case? Describe the diplomatic relations between hose countries? Are there any trade agreements in place which would impact management’s decision to enter the target market? 2. Which geographic markets are being considered in this case? Provincial, Country, Regional, and/or Global? 3. What are the considerations which may impact the overall marketing strategy? 4. What are the cultural considerations within the company and the specific management team? Macro Questions: 1. How was this obscure firm of â€Å"accounting and engineering advisors†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦This policy made it so that profits would be looked and handled as a firm fund rather than an office fund. A steep increase in recruiting and retention followed when this policy was put into effect. Competitive Advantages Gained By James O. McKinsey and Marvin Bower: * Top management’s explications: high standards of integrity, professionalism, and technical superiority, and nonstop enhancement * Even with internal expansion and external expansion into new offices the company continued with the â€Å"One Firm† policy * The company always took responsibility for their clients while consistently hosting dinners and seminars to create and keep good relationships and remain engaged with their clients and supply them with beneficial information * The company was recognized for visionary thinkers and an exceptional management structure * Granting profit is always imperative for a company it was not their solitary motivation * Uninterrupted enhancement in services supplied to the client and making certain the clients are satisfied was the company’s mainShow MoreRelatedMckinsey Case Study1570 Words   |  7 Pages------------------------------------------------- Case Study Review on McKinsey amp; Company: Managing Knowledge and Learning. Harvard Business School. Article 9-396-357. Rev. January 4, 2000 ------------------------------------------------- Knowledge is fundamentally a cognitive phenomenon (Geisler, 2007.p. 467) which is embedded in the intellectual capital: the human and structural capital (Bercerra-Fernandez, Gonzales and Rajiv Sabherwal, 2002, p.3) of organizations. The acquisition or to beRead MoreMcKinsey Case Study Analysis2553 Words   |  11 PagesMcKinsey Case Study Analysis ï ¿ ½ PAGE ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ McKinsey Case Study Analysis ï ¿ ½ McKinsey and Co. Case Study Analysis This paper applies the management by objective (MBO) philosophy of Peter Drucker to the case study analysis of McKinsey and Company (McKinsey). Founded in 1926 by James Mac McKinsey, a University of Chicago professor, the firm started as an accounting and engineering consultancy agency, which experienced rapid growth. 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What was the organization design that was in place at McKinsey and what did they want to change? Did the change in design complement their strategy? What were the key barriers to implementing change? The organization design in place at McKinsey was general in natureRead MoreOd Case Study2258 Words   |  10 PagesCase Study Analysis: Tufts-NEMC Ellen Zane had her work cut out for her at Tufts-NEMC. The Tufts University affiliated teaching and research hospital had long been on the decline. It was mired in financial difficulty, was falling behind other teaching and research AMCs, and was not effectively serving its local community. Beginning on the day she accepted her position as CEO, Ellen Zane started on a path of reform. 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Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or makeRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 DataRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. 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McKinsey 7S Short Description †¢ The McKinsey 7S model is a diagnostic management tool used to test the strength of the strategic degree

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder Essay Example For Students

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder Essay Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), is the most common psychiatric disorder among children today. Its symptoms are not necessarily obvious and start at various times. Some children give indication of having the disorder before they are born, others are not diagnosed with having it until their preteen years. ADHD overlaps with several other conditions, further confusing physicians and mental health professionals who attempt to provide a diagnosis. Hyperactive children, who are often misdiagnosed as emotionally disturbed, create a lot of chaos in the home and at school. The number, severity, and types of symptoms differ from one child to the next, each of whom show a different pattern of behavior and personality. There are, however, certain similarities among ADHD children. ADHD was described as early as 1845 by the German physician Henrich Hoffman in his classic Der Struwelpeter (Slovenly Peter), a collection of humorous moral tales for children. The heroes were taken from his observations of children. In 1902, Dr. G. F. Still, described the behavior of a group of hyperactive children. He knew of no medical reasons for their behavior and made no mention of their educational needs or social skills. He said that part of the problem with ADHD children was deficient training in the home. In 1923, researcher, F. G. Ebaugh, was one of the first to publish a professional paper recognizing ADHD as a long-term problem requiring cooperation and intervention by several professional disciplines. Over the past four decades, dozens of labels have been used for a collection of traits that has come to be known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Children who have some of these traits show them most of the time; the types, number, and level vary within each ch ild from moment to moment and from situation to situation. Research studies point to a 5 to 10% number of children who have the syndrome. Some experts believe the true number is closer to 20% of the general population. In a recent study of over 9000 children in the Midwest, the number of children who have been medically diagnosed as hyperactive was about 3%. The number of undiagnosed children, based on data from teachers and parents, was estimated at about 4%. In a comparable study in Canada, the overall number of ADHD was 5%. Of the children referred to mental health clinics in the United States, 3 to 5% are diagnosed as having ADHD. Surveys employing teachers and parents ratings generally find a 10 to 30% number of ADD children (with or without hyperactivity) in school-age populations. Many characteristics of ADHD children are socially appropriate and desirable. Their zest, tirelessness, enthusiasm, intensity, curiosity, and life of the party energy have their useful moments and serve as social catalysts. Researches believe there is a link between ADHD and giftedness. ADHD children have rich imaginations and can quickly generate new and different ideas. They also seem to be aware of sensations that others miss. They can combine unrelated ideas in ways so their art productions and written compositions show a special measure of creativity. When ADHD children are treated biochemically, these personal expressions display even greater variety, depth, and attention to detail. Some of the most creative people in history, including Thomas Edison, had this disorder. ADHD is difficult to diagnose because, like all behavior disorders, it tends to appear gradually. Neurological and physiological studies indicate that ADHD sufferers have a wide range of biochemical imbalance and uniqueness. Symptoms phase in and out in various settings and change somewhat from moment to moment. The child often seems mentally alert, smiling, energetic, and interested in contact with others. One of the most difficult aspects of this disorder is dec iding how much of the unusual behavior is normal.Compared with ADHD girls, ADHD boys are generally more likely to be overactive, too aggressive, too disruptive, and referred for child guidance services. Both ADHD girls and ADHD boys are physically active and rowdy, with the girls being tomboyish. Among ADHD children 60 to 80% are boys. .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf , .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .postImageUrl , .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf , .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf:hover , .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf:visited , .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf:active { border:0!important; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf:active , .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fac14ebafbc9c5e870960e6c007ccbf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Their Eyes Were Wathiching God EssayADHD sufferers are poor at focusing concentration, channeling effort, and saving energy for useful purposes. It is if they are drawn magnetically to any stray flash of light, any noise, or

Sexual Crimes Against Women Scenario in Delhi Essay Example

Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi Essay Following the spine-chilling and horrific gangrape and brutalisation of a 23-year-old in the national capital on Sunday, when  Tehelka  asked how the rapes could be stopped, there was only one refrain: attitude to women must change; the legal process of dealing with the  crime  must speed up; and men must be educated and ‘sensitised’ about women’s issues. Twenty personalities —   lawyers, activists, writers, filmmakers –  suggest some real solutions. ‘Attitudes to women and recognition of their full range of rights should be linked to recruitment, promotion’ Karuna Nundy, advocate, Supreme Court of India There’s so much outrage this time, and outrage can change things. But the conviction of these rapists is clearly not enough, sexual  violence  runs deep in  Delhi  and unless we deal with the source, it’ll continue to pour forth. Here are some changes I’d like to see. †¢ Attitudes to women in the criminal justice system. Attitudes to women and recognition of their full range of rights should be linked to recruitment, promotion. The system should recognise and reward good police officer, a good magistrate, a good prosecutor by their attitudes to Dalit women, to lesbians, to sexually active women wearing skimpy clothing. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Crimes Against Women: Scenario in Delhi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also penalise actors in the criminal justice system for the opposite, i. e. discriminatory behaviour. So when a policeman or woman, a prosecutor or a judge is recruited, their attitudes need to be part of the interview. †¢ Masculinity: Equality training in various spheres should be included in schools — what kind of citizens are we looking to produce? Showing children early on that people of other gender, other castes, religions are equal needs to be central to our education system. We’ve been thinking of the Dalit boy sitting in corner of classroom, who sees a cartoon that’s discriminatory. Think also of the girl who only sees Maharani Laxmibai and Sarojini Naidu in her history books. Teach women they are equal, and they are more likely to be treated that way. We need self defence classes in school for girls. And to teach boys that girls are equal. Boys should also be given empathy training to show them what it’s like to be a girl. Anger management courses have been proven to work. †¢ Allowing women to sue for money damages and injunctions in civil cases would help to go along with criminal cases. We need civil damages for victims of  crime  in India, it’s an easier forum for her to navigate, also on principle, she should be compensated for the psychological and material damage she is caused as well as have the perpetrator punished. †¢ Reform criminal justice system: The low conviction rate for  rape  Ã¢â‚¬â€ some figures show only 27 percent convictions — is also why rapists are not that scared and victims reluctant to go to court. Police reforms have been waiting to be implemented since the 1980s — police in  Delhi  need better investigation methods, find the right guy, ways to preserve evidence. We don’t have proper witness protections programmes, or the best prosecutors — though the victim’s lawyer being allowed to be present now helps somewhat. †¢ Some of the important changes — like quicker trials enabled by more judges and courtrooms are reforms the whole criminal justice system needs. Also you have to have to be able to complain effectively if your prosecutor is not competent or has been bribed. ‘What we need to do, and urgently, is two-pronged: systemic social change and legal reform’ Mihira Sood, advocate Rape exists because of a patriarchal, misogynistic culture that condones it, whether tacitly or explicitly, and because of widespread lawlessness that encourages it. What we need to do, and urgently, is two-pronged: systemic social change and legal reform. We must educate people, starting at the school level, about respect for women, for personal spaces and for the rule of law. We need to introspect, all of us, on how we contribute to the objectification of women, from the popular culture we consume to the way we bring up our children — from where it’s a slippery slope to a twisted and unjust understanding of sexual assault in legal terms. In terms of the law, we urgently need a more comprehensive and inclusive definition of sexual  violence, critical amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure that will reduce the time taken for trials, fast track courts for sexual assault cases, harsher punishments and a serious programme of police reform and sensitisation. All of these are doable, and all are equally crucial — not just for better implementation but also to signal the seriousness with which such crimes will be viewed. Unfortunately, there appears to be little political will for any of these measures, which is where the media and the increasingly powerful voice of public — spirited citizens will have to take centrestage. ‘Men are raised in our society to think that we are men because we demand, we take, we win, we conquer’ Gautam Bhan, queer activist, academic and consultant Men are not born biologically violent — we make them so. Our responses to sexualviolence  must recognise, name, and both institutionally and individually counter the dangerous mix of impunity and entitlement at the core of contemporary masculinity that allows such  violence. Boys and men are raised in our society to think that we are men because we demand, we take, we win, we conquer. Add to that the sense of impunity pervasive in our cities on all fronts due to the failure of our institutions and we are brought to where we are today. We cannot legislate good behaviour, as the saying goes, we have to build its DNA — in schools, in homes, in public spaces, in our media — that must begin by refusing, unlearning and denying this entitlement and the  violence  it takes to live it as the only way to be â€Å"men. † The outrage on this incident is welcome but the solution lies outside the law, in the mindset of the people’ Tridip Pais, lawyer I don’t think what is needed is an increase in punishment or in speed of trial. What is required is a systemic change. The Mangalore pub incident also reflected the attitude of the Indian male. Boys were trying to get women to conform to certain standards. It is a high form of  vio lence  to subjugate a woman who otherwise wouldn’t pander to your ego. Rape is the worst form of that violation. It is a way of subjugating women and an attempt to establish their superiority through  violence. Men have not been able to accept that they need to respect women. During every war and riot men have wanted to violate women. Every riot today is followed by sexual  violence. This happened in Gujarat too. It is a way of saying that I am superior. Harsher punishment won’t take you very far. A psychiatrist, Dr Mitra did a survey with rapists. He asked them if they would have committed the  crime  if the punishment was death penalty. Most respondents said that in that case they would have killed the woman. I am also against the death penalty. I do not endorse  violenceby the state in any form. The implementation of law is very poor. Further the court staff, typist and the defense counsel treat  rape  cases as salacious gossip. Men need to go through a sea change on their attitude to women. There should be gender sensitisation classes in primary and secondary education. Bureaucrats, officers concerned with maintaining law and order and the security forces should also be sensitised. A nationalist like Sushma Swaraj would defend the rapist if he was in the security force and the incident had occurred on the border. The outrage on this incident is welcome but the solution lies outside the law, in the mindset of the people. We need to tackle the  rape  case, misogyny in office and the Mangalore pub incident equally seriously. A quick trial can have adverse impacts. It will be difficult to prove a lot of things with such less time. One should have enough time to argue out a case. A time limit of one year sounds reasonable. Further, life imprisonment if implemented properly should work as punishment. ‘The community and the Police need to work together. This involves security at vulnerable places, at critical hours’ Kiran Bedi, former IPS officer We had started gender sensitisation training at the police institute in collaboration with a gender training institute. It needs to be a continuous process. Unfortunately in government institutes rather then continue good practices tend to get broken down. The system breaks them down. After I left the gender training was discontinued. Rape is rooted in two reasons. It is primarily a foundational issue. It is the failure of social norms, from the family to educational institutes, to exercise control. Thus society has gone weaker and become loose. People then behave like loose canons. They may have gone to school, but that is not education, that is literacy. Today the boys only want Mazaak and Mazaa- and that obviously means disrespect for women. The police is a step behind and not in step with society. It is not audited and is monopolistic in nature. If you don’t conduct social audits, you don’t receive any feedback from the community. How are you to strategise without any feedback from the ground? The system suffers from a statistical approach. So, while you may have failed professionally you are still successful statistically. Statistics hide information. Statistics state there is only a marginal increase in  rape  cases. But hardly anyone reports them. These things perpetuate  crime  and embolden the criminal. In the good old days we used to do group patrolling. The community and the police used to work together. Now they have abandoned support schemes such as citizens volunteer schemes. We used to maintain a rough register that contained names of ruffians. The officers used to visit their homes and check on them. We even kept an eye on school dropouts. Nobody was out of sight. We did that with minimum manpower and maximum community support. Good policing means that the law is the same for everyone. We never spared any VIP. It was all about being accountable to the community. Today, the police is accountable only to the VIP. We need to rise to the challenge and co-opt private security if there is a problem of manpower. I have trained thousands of boys and girls in civil defense. Where are they? Where are the citizen wardens? There are four steps to what I call the Complete Criminal Justice System: - SEXUAL CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN: SCENARIO IN DELHI Abstract (English) Sexual crimes against women are on the rise. The crimes are widely prevalent in every society, though most of them remain undetected and unreported. In India, sexual harassment, molestation and rape of women are common. Most of these sexual crimes are being committed by relatives and close acquaintances of the victim. Sexual crimes against psychiatric patients are also increasingly being reported. The common places where these crimes against psychiatric patients are committed (in decreasing frequency) are houses, offices, police custodies, prisons, homes for mentally retarded, hostels, orphanages, hospitals etc. There is need to increase the public awareness (to increasingly report the sexual crimes) and speedily implement the existing laws to curb this growing menace. Introduction The very mention of the word sex titillates the senses, makes the blood run faster in the minds and hearts of all alike. Sigmund Freud had said that sexual satisfaction is analogous to satisfaction of hunger. Sex is a natural phenomenon and is necessary for the continuity of human race on this planet of earth and sexual exploitation is the worst form of degradation of those who indulge in it. Chastity is very important in the life of an Indian woman. Virginity is considered as an essential prerequisite for a girl to become a bride. The violation of virginity subjects a woman to considerable shame and humiliation. There are various ways and forms in which sexual exploitation is practised. The most perverted and degrading form is rape. The term rape is derived from the Latin Word rapere meaning to steal, seize or carry away, it implies hiding and attacking woman by man for the satisfaction of his sexual desire. It is the ultimate violation of self. Incidence of rape, particularly among young and adolescent girls is reported almost daily. It has become part of almost every TV serial, where various methods of procuring the women are reported. Rape shakes the very foundations of victims life. It not only humiliates and makes a woman powerless, but for many, the effects are long lasting. The capacity for personal relationship gets impaired and endless fear is generated (Aggarwal, 1995; Pratidhi, 1996). Various womens organizations are working throughout the world to protect the women against atrocities but in spite of these efforts, the atrocities are increasing day by day. Sexual crimes against women in India are very common (Aggarwal, 1997). Though most of these remain undetected and unreported, the actual incidence is on the rise (IMA, 1996). The crimes which are reported represent only the part of the tip of iceberg. The reasons cited for low reporting in India are many like due to  family pressure  (especially when the head of the family or a close relative is involved);  social pressure  (especially when an important member of the society is involved);  personal reasons  (IMA 1996) due to lack of awareness or being not able to report due to psychosis or due to fear of being further ridiculed and unaccepted;  cultural factors  (when incestuous relations or premarital sex is culturally accepted); legal reasons (due to lack of faith in law-enforcing agencies or due to fear of being exploited) or judicial factors (when the enforcement law is laxed and judicial decision takes a very long time or due to fear of being further tortured by repeated and prolonged interrogation especially in rape victims resulting in reliving of rape-trauma syndrome) (Makkar, 1996); when crimes are being done in institutions (i. e. Mental Hospitals, Home for Socially Destitute Women, Police Stations or Pr isons); and also due to non-availability of documentation centres. Scenario In The World It has been reported in the West that every nine minutes a woman is raped and this does not include the unreported cases (Aggarwal, 1995). It is believed that for every case that finds its way into police files, two, three or even four are never reported. Many women feel that nothing will be done about it anyway and she will be put under harassment and shame. The victim may appear frightened because assailants may have threatened to return and kill her or her near one if she went to the police. Finkelhors study (1979) revealed that 20% of female and 10% of male students had been sexually abused as children. One estimate is that one in six women will be raped in her lifetime. The incidence is continuously increasing (Martin et al, 1983). In a study of rape cases in the USA, Smithyman (1995) (Characteristics of undetected rapists) says that for every 100 rape cases, only 25 are reported to the police, only 13 persons are arrested, 9 persons prosecuted and less than 5 convicted. The National Crime Victim Survey in Australia found that only 32% of victims of rape or attempted rape had reported the crime. In India also, the actual incidence of crime, is about ten times more than what is reported (IMA 1996). Scenario in India In a report (Hindustan Times, 1996a), a total of 12,204 cases were reported in the country against 11,204 cases in 1993 and 12,351, in 1994. As far as molestation is concerned, in 1993 as many as 20,985 cases were reported which increased to 24,117 in 1994 and touched a high of 25,446 in 1995. Despite the fact that Delhi is having the highest per capita income, it has more than 2. 1 million people living in poverty. the majority of girls and women are vulnerable to diseases, crime and exploitation. Most of the victims are unskilled and illiterate. The capital is becoming ever more unsafe for women and girls with a crime rate of 341 per million compared to 9. 5 for all over India in 1993. During 1993, as many as 233 rape cases were reported which rose to 322 in 1994, 377 in 1995 and to 470 in 1996 showing an increase in 28. 38% of registered crime (Hindustan Times, 1997). The figures for unreported crime is not known. The various studies have shown that the reporting of heinous crime like rape is more as compared to other sexual crimes of harassment and exploitation. An analysis of 470 rape cases has shown that 88% of the rape cases were committed by relatives and close acquaintances of the victim. Of 30 rapes committed by relatives of the victims, the fathers were responsible for 8 of them. Other close relatives were father-in-law, uncles, cousins, ex-husbands, step fathers and brother-in-laws. Close acquaintances who criminally violated young girls include doctors, lovers, servants and fellow travelers (Hindustan Times, 1996b). This has also been reported from the West (Hilberman, 1980; Koss, 1980; Martin, 1983). Sexual Crimes In Delhi According to a report of Delhi State Commission for Women, out of the 470 cases of rape, 60% of cases were of girls below 16 years of age, about 42% of the rape victims were in 10-16 age groups compared to 23% in the country. Table  1:  CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN Year| 1993| 1994| 1995| 1996| Dowry death| 107| 158| 167| 131| Rape| 233| 322| 277| 470| Molestation of women| -| 521| 675| 499| Cruelty by in-laws| -| 985| 1042| 832| Eve Teasing| -| 1668| 2796| 1987| In addition to the trauma of rape (Carman, 1984), the victims suffer further agony during the legal proceedings. The victim is not only forced to re-live through the traumatic experience, but is forced to do so in a totally alien atmosphere with the whole of the criminal justice system focused upon her. So, the victim undergoes two crisis (i) the rape (ii) the subsequent trial. She not only needs legal aid but empathy, safety, reassurance and proper rehabilitation (Burman et al, 1988). A female social worker should be allowed to be present whenever the victim of rape is interrogated by police. Rape is an experience which shakes the foundations of the lives of the victims. For many, its effect is a long term one impairing their capacity for personal relationships, altering their behaviors and values and generating endless fear. Rape has been described as not an act of sex but an act of violence with sex as the primary weapon, which may lead to a wide variety of physical and psychological reactions. Sutherland and Scherl have described shock, dismay and non-specific anxiety as the hree psychological responses of the victims of rape, whereas Burgess et al define a rape-trauma syndrome in 2 stages (i) an immediate or an acute (disorganization) phase characterized by emotional reaction of several kinds viz. tension symptoms together with feelings of guilt and hu miliation and (ii) a long term (reorganization) phase during which the victim readjust her life as far as possible during the second phase, she may at times complain of nightmares and phobias. Apart from rape, there are other forms of sexual exploitation i. e. molestation of a woman, eve-teasing etc. These types of crimes also leave one or other form of mental trauma. The number of cases in these categories is also on the increase as evident from the table I. Dowry deaths and cases relating to cruelty by husband and in-laws showed decline during 1996. Experience From Psychiatry Outpatient Department 5-10% of all cases attending the department report of experiencing sexual torture (Bhatia 1998) and in a majority, combination of torture methods (i. e. physical, psychological and sexual) are common. Though the exact prevalence of sexual crimes is not known but it is believed that 90% of physical and sexual assaults reported by psychiatric patients were committed by family members (Hilberman, 1980; Koss, 1980; Martin, 1983; Bhatia, 1998; Harman, 1986; Walker, 1989). The psychiatric disorders have been more commonly reported in sexually abused women and vice versa. The experience from our psychiatry outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Delhi reflects that the sexual crimes against psychiatric patients are common. Either the psychiatric illness especially psychosis or mental retardation predisposes a person to the risk of sexual torture or the sexual crime may trigger the onset of a psychiatric illness. The experience of last five years in our outpatient department is depicted in tables 2 and 3. S. No. | Psychiatric disorder| Sexual Torture(Number of cases)| 1| Schizophrenia| 18| 2| Mania| 05| 3| Endogenous depression| 10| 4| Generalized Anxiety Disorder| 04| | Neurotic Depression| 06| 6| Hysteria (conversion/Dissociation)| 13| 7| Post traumatic stress disorder| 05| 8| Psychalgia| 10| 9| Somatoform disorders| 13| 10| Sleep disorder| 04| 11| Elimination disorder| 07| 12| Eating disorder| 02| 13| Attention Deficit Disorder| 03 | 14| Mental retardation| 12| 15| Drug dependence| 03| 16| Attempted suicide| 11| 17| Others| 05| | TOTAL| 131| Table  2: PATTERN OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AND SEXUAL TORTURE S. No. | Perpetrator| Number of cases*| 1| Parent| 37| 2| Uncle or relative| 72| 3| Sibling| 12| 4| Teacher| 09| 5| Warden| 07| 6| Stranger| 28| 7| Physician| 02| 8| Police| 04| Table  3: PERPETRATORS OF SEXUAL CRIMES includes more than one torturer. The places where the sexual exploitation and torture are experienced by psychiatric patients (reported in decreasing frequency) are houses, offices, police custodies, prisons, homes for mentally retarded, hostels, orphans, hospitals and SOS villages Homes for destitute women. Self Harm And Sexual Crimes Women who have experienced sexual abuse are more likely to be engaged in self destructive acts (Bagley, 1986). In a report by National Crime Records Bureau of India (1993) illegitimate pregnancy and sexual abuse has been reported as an important cause of suicide a mong females and its incidence is on the rise. At our centre, about 8% girls and women had a suicidal attempt after being sexually exploited. Indian Laws Molestation of Women This is also known as indecent assault and is punished under section 354 IPC. Age of the woman is immaterial, young or old, intelligent or imbecile, awake or sleeping, a woman possesses a modesty capable of being outraged. The reaction of the woman is very relevant but its absence is not decisive. Eve-Teasing Whenever a person utters any word, makes any sound or gesture or exhibits an object or intrudes upon the privacy of a woman with intent to insult the modesty of such woman the offence under Section 509 IPC is committed. Dowry-death and cruelty by in-laws Dowry deaths or suicides by married women as a result of their being subjected to cruelty by in-laws, constitute a slur on the Hindu society. More often cruelty emanates from the failure of the parents of women to meet the exacting demands for dowry by the in-laws of the victims. Our anxiety on this score has darkened into dread which in turn has dwindled into despair. The legislature stepped in by putting on the statue book Section 304B (dowry death) and Section 498A (cruelty) IPC. Both these provisions have background and have the objective of prevention of marital offences against helpless women as also provision of deterrent punishment for such offences. Section 498A of the IPC says whoever being the husband or relative of the husband of a woman subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall be liable to fine. Cruelty has been defined as any willful conduct which drives the woman to commit suicide or grave mental or physical injury to her, or harassment of the woman with a view to coerce her for dowry. According to law if a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and there is evidence of cruelty, the court may presume, having regarded other circumstances of the case, that the husband or his relatives have abetted the suicide. Likewise under Section 304B IPC, which provides for punishment for dowry deaths, where the death of a woman is caused by burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within 7 years of her marriage and it is shown that soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or harassment for dowry, the presumption is that the husband or his relatives caused the death. The punishment for the offence is imprisonment for not less than 7 years extendable to life. Apart from special statutory provisions mentioned above, to protect the incidence of atrocities against women, National Commission for Women and special police cells have also been set up. In these cells, cases of all kinds of harassment of women are looked into. Conclusions The sexual crimes against women are on the rise. The crimes are widely prevalent in every society though most of them remain undetected and unreported. An awareness must be created in the community to motivate the victims to report, also more and more reporting centres (in community with NGOs or hospitals) must be opened to overcome the fear and lack of faith in the law-enforcing agencies which will help in speedily enforcing the existing laws, and also to open up more centres for counseling in the community, offices as well as in the hospitals (Bisson and Shephard, 1995; Lopez et al, 1992). Further Research In The Country Since the exact Indian data regarding prevalence and reporting of sexual crimes against women is lacking, more studies are warranted in the community especially with the help of physicians, NGOs and law-enforcing agencies. The medico legal and psychological problems of rape victims, women prisoners, institutionalized chronic mentally ill women and girls in orphans and homes for mentally retarded need special attention. http://www. anilaggrawal. com/ij/vol_001_no_002/paper004. html